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Adaptive memory
Adaptive memory is the study of memory systems that have evolved to help retain survival- and fitness-related information.〔Nairne, J.S., Thompson S.R., Pandeirada, J.N.S. (2007). Adaptive memory: survival processing enhances retention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 33(2), 263–273.〕 One key element of adaptive memory research is the notion that memory evolved to help survival by better retaining information that is fitness-relevant.〔Nairne, J. S., Pandeirada, J.N.S. (2008). Adaptive memory: Remembering with a stone-age brain. Current Directions in Psychology, 17(4), 239–243.〕 One of the foundations of this method of studying memory is the relatively little adaptive value of a memory system that evolved merely to remember past events. Memory systems, it is argued, must use the past in some service of the present or the planning of the future.〔 Another assumption under this model is that the evolved memory mechanisms are likely to be domain-specific, or sensitive to certain types of information. Additionally, it is argued that mechanisms for memory should be geared toward helping an organism enhance its reproductive fitness and chances of surviving.〔
==History of adaptive memory research==
A recent development in the field of evolutionary psychology, adaptive memory was first proposed in 2007 by James S. Nairne, Sarah R. Thompson, and Josefa N.S. Pandeirada.〔 Evolutionary psychologists often state that humans possess a "stone-age" brain.〔 Therefore, optimal cognitive performance may be found in problems faced by our ancestors, or related to the environments in which our evolutionary ancestors lived.〔 Based on this finding, Nairne and his colleagues proposed that human memory systems are 'tuned' to information relevant to survival.〔
The first study on the subject of adaptive memory was published in 2007 and its methodology has been replicated many times since. Participants were told to imagine themselves in one of three randomly assigned scenarios. In the ''Survival'' condition, they imagine being stranded in a grassland area of a foreign land, and need to find a steady supply of food and water, and protect themselves from predators. The second condition was the ''Moving'' condition. Participants were instructed to imagine themselves moving to a foreign land, needing to locate a new home and transporting their possessions. Finally, the ''Pleasantness'' condition asked participants to simply rate the pleasantness of a list of words. In the ''Survival'' and ''Moving'' conditions, participants were asked to rate the relevance of each word on a list to their imagined situation. Participants were then subject to a surprise recall test.〔 Nairne et al. found what they called the survival advantage.〔
The survival advantage means that information that is more salient, or relevant, to survival in an ancestral environment has a higher rate of retention than control conditions. This became clear following free recall experiments conducted by Nairne and colleagues.〔〔 Processing information relevant to survival leads to more information being remembered than most known encoding techniques.〔 One explanation for the survival advantage's improved retention is that this kind of processing taps into a sort of memory 'module' specialized for remembering and processing information that is important for survival.〔 Another proposed explanation is that it leads to more arousal and emotional processing. Because many survival situations are emotionally arousing, retention is enhanced.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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